Data, in its most basic sense, is what is given. Data is the sensory information provided to us by phenomena.
Phenomena are just what we experience. A phenomenon is an appearance, or the way a thing appears to us.
Retrograde motion is what happens when the stars appear to move in a direction opposite of the trajectoryin which the sun appears to move.
Concentric means sharing the same center. Concentric circles are circles that have the same center point. Larger and smaller circles can be organized around the same point.
Quintessence or ether, is a theoretical construct of an absolutely unchanging substance.
The deferent circle is the circle that is centered on a single point.
Eccentricity means that the earth is not exactly at the center of the universe.
An epicycle is a circle that is centered on the perimeter of another circle.
A priori means before evidence or before experience. An a priori principle does not depend on experience in order to show its truth.
A posteriori means after experience. An a posteriori principle is based upon evidence and experience in the world.
Extensive knowledge is having knowledge about a broad range of things. In comparison to God, Galileo thinks that we know a finite number of things compared to God knowing an infinite number of things.
Intensive knowledge is having in depth knowledge about one thing. In comparison to God, we can know some things, such as mathematical principles and proofs, perfectly.
Diurnal means daily. To talk about the diurnal movement of the earth means to talk about the daily movement of the earth, or the movement of the earth in a 24 hour period.
Dogma is a set of doctrines taken as an authority. Einstein praised Galileo for going against scientific dogma.
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